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Out Now: New Edition of Bestselling Book – Models of Madness

Models of Madness

Psychological, Social and Biological Approaches to Psychosis

Second Edition

Edited by John Read, University of Liverpool, UK

and Jacqui Dillon, National Chair, Hearing Voices Network, UK

 “Truly, a revolution is occuring in our understanding of severe mental illness…This volume will serve as an inspiration, not only to established clinicians and researchers, but to the young people who will develop better services for people with psychosis in the future.” 

– Prof Richard Bentall, From the Foreword.

 

The publication is very timely given the international debate about this month’s publication of DSM-5, the latest and most controversial version of psychiatry’s diagnostic ‘bible’. Our book documents all the evidence showing that these diagnoses are unscientific and a major cause of the stigma faced by people who receive these labels. It also presents the research demonstrating the urgent need for a fundamental paradigm shift towards evidence-based, effective and humane mental health services.”

– Prof John Read, Lead Editor

Are hallucinations and delusions really symptoms of an illness called ‘schizophrenia’? Are mental health problems really caused by chemical imbalances and genetic predispositions? Are psychiatric drugs as effective and safe as the drug companies claim? Is madness preventable?

This second edition of Models of Madness challenges the simplistic, pessimistic and often damaging theories and treatments of the ‘medical model’ of madness. Psychiatric diagnoses and medications are based on the false premise that human misery and distress are casued by chemical imbalances and genetic predispositions, and ignore the social causes of psychosis and what psychiatrists call ‘schizophrenia’. This edition updates the now extensive body of research showing that hallucinations and delusions etc. are best understood as reactions to adverse life events and that psychological and social approaches to helping are more effective and far safer than psychiatric drugs and electroshock treatment. A new final chapter discusses why such a damaging ideology has come to dominate mental health and, most importantly, how to change that.  

 Models of Madness is divided into three sections:

  1. Section One provides a history of madness, including examples of violence against the ‘mentally ill’, before critiquing the theories and treatments of contemporary biological psychiatry and documenting the corrupting influence of drug companies
  2. Section Two summarises the research showing that hallucinations, delusions etc. are primarily caused by adverse life events (eg. parental loss, bullying, abuse and neglect in childhood, poverty, etc.) and can be understood using psychological models ranging from cognitive to psychodynamic
  3. Section Three presents the evidence for a range of effective psychological and social approaches to treatment, from cognitive and family therapy to primary prevention.

This book brings together thirty-seven contributors from ten countries and a wide range of scientific disciplines. It provides an evidence-based, optimistic antidote to the pessimism of biological psychiatry.

Models of Madness will be essential reading for all involved in mental health, including service users, family members, service managers, policy makers, nurses, clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, psychotherapists, counsellors, psychoanalysts, social workers, occupational therapists, and art therapists.

Download flyer to receive 20% discount from Routledge!

Models of Madness Flyer

http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415579537/

 

 

Trauma, Dissociation, Attachment & Neuroscience: A new paradigm for understanding severe mental distress

Special Edition: Complex reactions to severe trauma

The paper by Dillon, Johnstone & Longden in this volume (Trauma, Dissociation, Attachment and Neuroscience) brings together evidence from the neuroscience and mental health literature with the hope that this might lead to a paradigm shift in the way that people are seen and helped. Hopefully they are right, and biopsychosocial models worthy of the name may come to dominate practice, rather than models that sometimes masquerade as biopsychosocial but which are basically ‘bio-bio-bio models’, with social and psychological factors reduced to mere events that trigger an underlying genetic illness (Read, Bentall & Fosse, 2009).

JCPCP is a peer-reviewed journal which values personal experience above professional boundaries and doctrinal jargon. It provides a forum for ideas, experience and views of people working in the psychological world and those who use psychotherapy or receive psychiatric services. The journal encourages a critical, reflexive view of psychology and counselling and is a constant challenge to orthodoxy. Our contributors reflect on their work and experiences in therapy, in relationships and in institutions. The journal embraces philosophical, radical and scientific perspectives in its analysis of psychological, psychiatric and psychotherapeutic systems. With a following wind, it will sometimes make you laugh out loud.

 

Abuse, Trauma, Healing & Recovery

Abuse, Trauma, Healing & Recovery

On The Web

Alice Millerwww.alice-miller.com
Website of pioneering psychotherapist Alice Miller

Recovered Memory projecthttp://blogs.brown.edu/recoveredmemory/about/
Case Archives, Commentary, and Scholarly Resources

David Baldwin’s Trauma Information Pageswww.trauma-pages.com
Providing information for clinicians and researchers in the traumatic-stress field

The European Society for Trauma and Dissociationwww.estd.org
Promoting an increase in the knowledge of Trauma, Dissociation and all disorders related to chronic traumatisation.

International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociationwww.isst-d.org
Seeking to advance clinical, scientific, and societal understanding about the prevalence and consequences of chronic trauma and dissociation

Jim Hopper’s Information Pageswww.jimhopper.com
Providing scholarly knowledge and resources, in language and formats accessible to any interested and motivated person – young or old, highly educated or not.

The Lantern Projectwww.lanternproject.org.uk
Formerly known as “Victims No Longer”, the Lantern Project offers a website supporting victims of childhood sexual abuse, domestic violence, racial abuse and bullying.

Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torturewww.torturecare.org.uk
A charity that is dedicated soley to the treatment of torture survivors, including: advocacy, counselling & physical therapies.

One in Four UKwww.oneinfour.org.uk
One in Four offers a voice to and support for people who have experienced sexual abuse and sexual violence.

Rape Crisis (England and Wales)www.rapecrisis.org.uk
Provides co-ordination and support to affiliated member groups and campaigns and lobbies to raise awareness of the issues of sexual violence in the wider community and with local, regional and national government.

The Recovery Practice  – http://www.therecoverypractice.org.uk/

The Recovery Practice aims to help make mental health and well being possible for all people and to contribute to the understanding of mental health problems. Julian Turner has had over twenty years counselling practice and has worked extensively with people who have experienced emotional distress. He works in the Leeds area.

Respondwww.respond.org.uk
Works with children and adults with learning disabilities who have experienced abuse or trauma, as well as those who have abused others, through psychotherapy, advocacy, campaigning and other support.

Sidran Traumatic Stress Institutewww.sidran.org
International not for profit organisation aimed at supporting people to recovery form the effects of trauma (including dissociative disorders).

Support Linewww.supportline.org.uk/problems/child_abuse_survivors.php
Provides guidance and resources for adult survivors of childhood abuse.

Trauma and Abuse Groupwww.tag-uk.net
TAG promotes education and raises awareness in the field of dissociation, attachment, trauma and abuse recovery.

Trauma and Abuse Support Centrewww.tasc-online.org.uk
Provides a UK web-based resource for survivors of the whole spectrum of child sexual abuse (including extreme and ritual abuse) and for anyone involved in supporting them.

Women’s Aidwww.womensaid.org.uk
A national charity working to support women and children affected by domestic violence. Site includes finding help locally and a survivors handbook.

Bass, E. and Davis, L. (1988). The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. Cedar Press.

Bloom, S. (1997). Creating Sanctuary: Towards the Evolution of Safe Communities. London: Routledge.

Blume, S. (1990). Secret Survivors: Uncovering Incest and its After-effects in Women. John Wiley and Sons.

Brison, S.J. (2002). Aftermath: Violence and the Remaking of a Self. Princeton University Press.

Davis, L. (1991). Allies in Healing: When the Person You Love Was Sexually Abused as a Child. HarperPerennial.

Davoine, F. and Gaudilliere, J-M. (2004). History Beyond Trauma. Other Press LLC.

Dolan, Y. (2000). Beyond Survival: Living Well is the Best Revenge. BT Press: London.

Fraser, S. My Father’s House: A Memoir of Incest and of Healing. Virago Press.

Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and Recovery. New York: Basic Books.

Levine, P. (1997). Waking the Tiger: Healing Trauma – The Innate Capacity to Transform Overwhelming Experiences. New York: North Atlantic Books.

Levine, P. (2008). Healing Trauma: A Pioneering Program for Restoring the Wisdom of Your Body. Boulder, CO: Sounds True Inc.

Mackinnon, M. (1991). Each Small Step: Breaking the Chains of Abuse and Addiction. Gynergy Books.

Maltz, W. (1992). The Sexual Healing Journey: A Guide for Survivors of Sexual Abuse. Qill: HarperCollins Publishers.

Perry, B. (2008). The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog and Other Stories from a Child Psychiatrist’s Notebook: What Traumatized Children Can Teach us About Loss, Love and Healing. New York: Basic Books.

Rothschild, B. (2000). The Body Remembers: The psychophysiology of trauma and trauma treatment. London: W. W. Norton & Co.

Rothschild, B. (2010). 8 Keys to Safe Trauma Therapy: Take Charge Strategies to Empower Your Healing. W. W. Norton & Co.

Sebold, A. (2003). Lucky. Picador.

Spring, J. (1987). Cry Hard and Swim: The Story of An Incest Survivor. Virago Press.

Tal, K. (1996). Worlds of Hurt: Reading the Literatures of Trauma. Cambridge University Press.

Venable Raine, N. (2000). After Silence: Rape and My Journey Back. Virago Press Ltd; New edition.

Warner, S. (2000). Understanding Child Sexual Abuse: Making the Tactics Visible. Handsell Publishing.

Background

The Tale of an Ordinary Little Girl

Jacqui Dillon aged fiveOnce upon a time there was a little girl, just an ordinary little girl, who like all children is born with basic human needs – the need to be fed and to be kept warm and safe. Like all children, she needs love and empathy to thrive and to grow and to fulfill her potential, like all children deserve to.

But like each and every one of us born into this magnificent and mysterious universe, the arbitrary nature of who we are born to is a random act and like many children, far too many children in this world, she has the misfortune to be born to parents who are simply unable to provide the most basic necessities. For her parents are themselves hurt and broken children, thwarted and twisted, encased in all powerful adult bodies, masquerading as a mother and a father.

When the little girl first looks up into her mother’s eyes for a reflection of herself, to know that she is real and that she exists and that she is safe in this big, scary, world, she is met with a cold, hostile stare. For when mother looks down at this scrap of humanity, her baby girl, she does not see her beauty or her innocence but only her own helplessness, her own vulnerability, her own unmet needs and all of these things she despises and wants to smash, stamp out, annihilate. The baby wails in terror and reaches out her small hand to this woman, her mother, and the woman laughs and bites the baby’s hand, just as her own mother had done to her.

The mother throws the child across her shoulder and together they descend, deep into the underworld, to a place where unspeakable acts of horror will be committed. The underworld is inhabited with many demons, monsters and witches of the worst kind. The woman presents her possession, the child, to a man who can only be the devil. Together they laugh and they defile the child and rob her of her innocence.

The pain and the shock and the terror are too much for the child to bear for she is being betrayed and exploited by those who are meant to protect her and there is no escape, there is no saviour, there is no light at the end of the tunnel. All the while, the child repeats over and over to herself – I am not here; this is not happening to me; I am not in this body. When all at once the child experiences a tremendous pressure building inside her head as the urgent need to flee collides with the awful realisation of her own helplessness and then BANG! there is a huge explosion as her tiny mind shatters into a thousand, little pieces. She serenely floats off into the ether and calmly looks down from a great height at the stupid girl who is left screaming in the underworld. She pities the pathetic creature but she simply cannot be held responsible for those who refuse to help themselves.

The girl inhabits a dual world. In one, she is a normal child with normal parents, a gifted child who goes to school, plays with her friends, and likes wearing ribbons in her hair. In the other world, she is a dirty little bitch, evil and unlovable, treated with cruelty and contempt by anyone who can get their filthy hands on her.

Everything she gets she deserves. She is repeatedly threatened that if she ever tells anyone about what happens in the underworld, she will be put into prison because she has committed terrible crimes, or everyone will think she is mad and they will lock her in an asylum forever and throw away the key; no one will ever believe her. Or the devil, demons and witches will find her, they will always find her, they will hunt her down and they will kill her, her children, anyone or anything that she ever loves. However much she yearns for it, she has no place of safety, no saviour to rescue her, so she does what many children have to do. She survives the best way she can.

The survival strategies that she unconsciously develops as a child create an illusion of control, an illusion that she has some agency over what happens to her. Despite her abject helplessness, she utilises all the resources available to her at the time – her mind, her body, her spirit – and she fights for her life.

She begins to hear voices; voices that talk to her, talk about her, who comfort her, protect her and make her feel less alone. In time, they control and terrorise her but help her to stay alive. One of the first voices that she hears is that of ‘the great mother’. She is a very powerful maternal figure, who is beautiful and kind, a beneficent figure who is always there comforting and soothing her. The great mother is one of the girl’s greatest inventions for she is a clever little girl, yet she keeps this illusion secret from herself for the longest time. The great mother is central in supporting the girl to survive with her humanity intact and she also enables the girl to become a loving and compassionate mother to her own daughters, when the time comes.

Her body becomes the locus of her horror and her need for there is no other place to express it, there is no-one to tell. She begins cutting herself, banging her head against the wall, tearing at herself, all ways she discovers, of safely releasing her anguish. She draws no attention to herself. She hurts no one else. No one can touch her. Her relationship with food becomes a mysterious journey of adventure on which she discovers many special powers. By controlling what she eats, overeating, forcing herself to vomit and starving herself she is the creator of many marvellous tricks, sleights of hand that make her feel more in control in a world that is filled with terrible, inescapable, arbitrary cruelty. For once, she has control of her body. She can do what she likes to it. She is mistress of her own universe.

Her creativity extends beyond her body into the world. She loves writing stories and poems, drawing and painting, reading as many books as she can get her little hands on. Books allow her access into other worlds, worlds where there are endless possibilities. In the realms of her imagination the characters and stories in books captivate and entrance her, become meaningful to her to the extent that she internalises them inside of her so that she feels less alone and the world still holds some magic and wonder for her. Her sense of justice is always there burning brightly inside of her, the whole time. She dreams of a world where one day she will be safe and free and loved.

She finally escapes the underworld after many torturous years when she reaches womanhood. They may have broken her mind and her body but thankfully, her spirit is still intact. She is inhabited by a multitude of characters each who have their part to play in helping her to survive. She does not realise this yet. For now, she hears their voices and sometimes catches a glimpse of them in the mirror, but she does her best to conceal their existence to herself and everyone else. She is adept at inhabiting different worlds and used to keeping secrets locked inside of her. The voices of the devils, witches and demons along with those of the children still trapped in the underworld, echo in her mind long after the worst has already happened, reminding her of what they will do if she ever speaks about what has happened, so she remains silent.

One day, years later a miracle occurs and it is now the girl who sits and looks down into the eyes of her own, baby daughter. This child has been much longed for and is much wanted and she is awestruck by the beauty and perfection of this tiny being. For the first time in her life, the girl’s body has done something that she can feel proud of. She smiles at the baby and beams love into her eyes and the child knows that she is real and that she is loved and that she is safe in this big, scary world.

Without warning, this idyllic scene is invaded by demons from the past. The girl’s voices multiply and intensify saying things that disturb and frighten her. She begins seeing horrifying images of abuse, torture and death. She can feel it in her body. Marks and bruises appear on her skin like stigmata. She begins to cut herself frequently in an attempt to appease the devil but to no effect. He is never satisfied. She becomes convinced that someone will try and hurt her and her baby because she knows how dangerous the world can be for little children. She becomes intensely fearful; terrified to leave the house in case someone tries to abduct them and take them to the underworld to kill them. She fears that she is going mad like she always knew she would, like they always said she would. She inhabits a dual world. She is a devoted mother, with a close and intimate bond with her baby, breastfeeding her on demand, yet she knows she is contaminating her with all of the poison that swirls around inside of her. She feels deeply ashamed of herself for being such a freak of nature and starts to feel as if there is no escape from the horrors of the past. She sees no way out but to end her life but she cannot bear the thought of leaving behind a motherless child.

In desperation, she seeks asylum in a place that is meant to provide sanctuary for her. She hopes to find safety and support for her and her precious child and believes that asking for help is a responsible and wise act. Perhaps when she tells them about what happened to her in the underworld they might even congratulate her on her efforts thus far. Surely they will see what a tremendous achievement it has been to get this far on her own.

The witches, devils and demons try to silence her with their vicious threats yet she begins to tell the gatekeepers at the asylum, who assure her that they are learned men, healers in fact, about the children who have suffered in the underworld. To her astonishment, they reiterate the words of the devil. There is no underworld. She is crazy. She is ill. She was born with something wrong with her. She feels as if she has been slapped in the face, kicked while she is down, re-abused. This is insult to injury. She is wild with outrage and has to restrain herself so as not to rip them all to shreds. This reality is enough to drive anyone crazy. The place that is meant to provide her with sanctuary is the place that nearly drives her over the edge once and for all.

She has escaped hell once already – she is a warrior after all – and uses whatever means necessary to deceive and trick her way past the gatekeepers. Once she is liberated, she runs as fast as she can and finds her way back to her child. She clutches her baby to her chest and gasps for breath. There is no sanctuary yet she cannot give up hope. She has come this far. She is a woman on a mission. One day, she will show them all.

After much searching, she finally encounters truly wise people, brave souls who have the courage and integrity to witness her truth. As much as it pains them, they listen to her stories from the underworld, and hear of the terrible suffering that many children have endured. Together they walk down a long winding, road, back to the underworld, where a process of truth and reconciliation, of listening, bearing witness and of facing the horrors of the past can take place. The world will never look the same again to them for they have seen the underworld. And even though she is a freak of nature they love her and they hold her and they soothe her and gradually she begins to feel human. She begins to feel real.

She discovers that she isn’t alone in quite the same way that she always had been. She begins to accept support as an act of courage and commitment to life and the future. Only then can she begin to truly mourn for all she has lost. She did not know it was possible to cry so many tears. They continue to hold her.

The most profound realisation dawns on her gradually, becoming apparent incrementally over time and then one day she suddenly knows what she has always known. Her voices are more than just voices. They are many different selves, with different names, ages, experiences, feelings, identities; dissociated selves that became internal representations of her external world. Rather than trying to eradicate these different parts of her even though they sometimes frighten her, she begins to embrace them. Each is part of the whole of her. She begins to listen to them and understand them and to greet them with compassion and understanding. To her delight, they begin to teach her the mysteries of healing, alchemy and magic. Gradually she feels less ashamed of who she is and begins to marvel at how creative she has been in surviving the horrors of the underworld. At times it feels as if she has created a work of art.

On the other hand, she finds it hard to comprehend a world that often makes no sense to her, a corrupt and crazy world which frequently exploits the vulnerable and protects the powerful. With all that she knows and all that she has seen and all that she has learnt, she cannot just standby and let that happen. If she is to be a part of the world then she must do what she can to make it a place she can actually inhabit and remain sane.

She begins to meet with others, warrior children, maddened men and women, fellow travellers who have escaped the underworld or some other kind of hell, as well as rebels and renegades, truth-tellers, pioneers and freedom fighters, all walking along the same path as her, seeking the same kind of justice. They too feel a collective responsibility to expose the truth and not allow further injustices to be perpetrated. They understand that being a bystander and remaining silent is the same as being complicit. They know that freedom is never given freely by those who have power; it has to be fought for. They understand that only the truth will set us free.

After a long, arduous journey that has taken her many, many years to accomplish, the girl finally feels as if she has come home. She is safe now, she is free, she is loved. She wears her battle scars with pride. She may still hear the echoes from the past but she considers herself one of the lucky ones. In many ways she is blessed. Her life and all that she did to get here, is a triumph.

This paper is based on presentations at numerous international conferences/seminars, including Royal College of Psychiatrists (UK) Training Day on Trauma and Violence, London UK, November 2008; Recovery Conference, Aarhus, Denmark, May 2009; World Hearing Voices Congress, Maastricht, Netherlands, September 2009.

Pages

Out Now: New Edition of Bestselling Book – Models of Madness

Models of Madness

Psychological, Social and Biological Approaches to Psychosis

Second Edition

Edited by John Read, University of Liverpool, UK

and Jacqui Dillon, National Chair, Hearing Voices Network, UK

 “Truly, a revolution is occuring in our understanding of severe mental illness…This volume will serve as an inspiration, not only to established clinicians and researchers, but to the young people who will develop better services for people with psychosis in the future.” 

– Prof Richard Bentall, From the Foreword.

 

The publication is very timely given the international debate about this month’s publication of DSM-5, the latest and most controversial version of psychiatry’s diagnostic ‘bible’. Our book documents all the evidence showing that these diagnoses are unscientific and a major cause of the stigma faced by people who receive these labels. It also presents the research demonstrating the urgent need for a fundamental paradigm shift towards evidence-based, effective and humane mental health services.”

– Prof John Read, Lead Editor

Are hallucinations and delusions really symptoms of an illness called ‘schizophrenia’? Are mental health problems really caused by chemical imbalances and genetic predispositions? Are psychiatric drugs as effective and safe as the drug companies claim? Is madness preventable?

This second edition of Models of Madness challenges the simplistic, pessimistic and often damaging theories and treatments of the ‘medical model’ of madness. Psychiatric diagnoses and medications are based on the false premise that human misery and distress are casued by chemical imbalances and genetic predispositions, and ignore the social causes of psychosis and what psychiatrists call ‘schizophrenia’. This edition updates the now extensive body of research showing that hallucinations and delusions etc. are best understood as reactions to adverse life events and that psychological and social approaches to helping are more effective and far safer than psychiatric drugs and electroshock treatment. A new final chapter discusses why such a damaging ideology has come to dominate mental health and, most importantly, how to change that.  

 Models of Madness is divided into three sections:

  1. Section One provides a history of madness, including examples of violence against the ‘mentally ill’, before critiquing the theories and treatments of contemporary biological psychiatry and documenting the corrupting influence of drug companies
  2. Section Two summarises the research showing that hallucinations, delusions etc. are primarily caused by adverse life events (eg. parental loss, bullying, abuse and neglect in childhood, poverty, etc.) and can be understood using psychological models ranging from cognitive to psychodynamic
  3. Section Three presents the evidence for a range of effective psychological and social approaches to treatment, from cognitive and family therapy to primary prevention.

This book brings together thirty-seven contributors from ten countries and a wide range of scientific disciplines. It provides an evidence-based, optimistic antidote to the pessimism of biological psychiatry.

Models of Madness will be essential reading for all involved in mental health, including service users, family members, service managers, policy makers, nurses, clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, psychotherapists, counsellors, psychoanalysts, social workers, occupational therapists, and art therapists.

Download flyer to receive 20% discount from Routledge!

Models of Madness Flyer

http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415579537/

 

 

Trauma, Dissociation, Attachment & Neuroscience: A new paradigm for understanding severe mental distress

Special Edition: Complex reactions to severe trauma

The paper by Dillon, Johnstone & Longden in this volume (Trauma, Dissociation, Attachment and Neuroscience) brings together evidence from the neuroscience and mental health literature with the hope that this might lead to a paradigm shift in the way that people are seen and helped. Hopefully they are right, and biopsychosocial models worthy of the name may come to dominate practice, rather than models that sometimes masquerade as biopsychosocial but which are basically ‘bio-bio-bio models’, with social and psychological factors reduced to mere events that trigger an underlying genetic illness (Read, Bentall & Fosse, 2009).

JCPCP is a peer-reviewed journal which values personal experience above professional boundaries and doctrinal jargon. It provides a forum for ideas, experience and views of people working in the psychological world and those who use psychotherapy or receive psychiatric services. The journal encourages a critical, reflexive view of psychology and counselling and is a constant challenge to orthodoxy. Our contributors reflect on their work and experiences in therapy, in relationships and in institutions. The journal embraces philosophical, radical and scientific perspectives in its analysis of psychological, psychiatric and psychotherapeutic systems. With a following wind, it will sometimes make you laugh out loud.

 

Abuse, Trauma, Healing & Recovery

Abuse, Trauma, Healing & Recovery

On The Web

Alice Millerwww.alice-miller.com
Website of pioneering psychotherapist Alice Miller

Recovered Memory projecthttp://blogs.brown.edu/recoveredmemory/about/
Case Archives, Commentary, and Scholarly Resources

David Baldwin’s Trauma Information Pageswww.trauma-pages.com
Providing information for clinicians and researchers in the traumatic-stress field

The European Society for Trauma and Dissociationwww.estd.org
Promoting an increase in the knowledge of Trauma, Dissociation and all disorders related to chronic traumatisation.

International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociationwww.isst-d.org
Seeking to advance clinical, scientific, and societal understanding about the prevalence and consequences of chronic trauma and dissociation

Jim Hopper’s Information Pageswww.jimhopper.com
Providing scholarly knowledge and resources, in language and formats accessible to any interested and motivated person – young or old, highly educated or not.

The Lantern Projectwww.lanternproject.org.uk
Formerly known as “Victims No Longer”, the Lantern Project offers a website supporting victims of childhood sexual abuse, domestic violence, racial abuse and bullying.

Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torturewww.torturecare.org.uk
A charity that is dedicated soley to the treatment of torture survivors, including: advocacy, counselling & physical therapies.

One in Four UKwww.oneinfour.org.uk
One in Four offers a voice to and support for people who have experienced sexual abuse and sexual violence.

Rape Crisis (England and Wales)www.rapecrisis.org.uk
Provides co-ordination and support to affiliated member groups and campaigns and lobbies to raise awareness of the issues of sexual violence in the wider community and with local, regional and national government.

The Recovery Practice  – http://www.therecoverypractice.org.uk/

The Recovery Practice aims to help make mental health and well being possible for all people and to contribute to the understanding of mental health problems. Julian Turner has had over twenty years counselling practice and has worked extensively with people who have experienced emotional distress. He works in the Leeds area.

Respondwww.respond.org.uk
Works with children and adults with learning disabilities who have experienced abuse or trauma, as well as those who have abused others, through psychotherapy, advocacy, campaigning and other support.

Sidran Traumatic Stress Institutewww.sidran.org
International not for profit organisation aimed at supporting people to recovery form the effects of trauma (including dissociative disorders).

Support Linewww.supportline.org.uk/problems/child_abuse_survivors.php
Provides guidance and resources for adult survivors of childhood abuse.

Trauma and Abuse Groupwww.tag-uk.net
TAG promotes education and raises awareness in the field of dissociation, attachment, trauma and abuse recovery.

Trauma and Abuse Support Centrewww.tasc-online.org.uk
Provides a UK web-based resource for survivors of the whole spectrum of child sexual abuse (including extreme and ritual abuse) and for anyone involved in supporting them.

Women’s Aidwww.womensaid.org.uk
A national charity working to support women and children affected by domestic violence. Site includes finding help locally and a survivors handbook.

Bass, E. and Davis, L. (1988). The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. Cedar Press.

Bloom, S. (1997). Creating Sanctuary: Towards the Evolution of Safe Communities. London: Routledge.

Blume, S. (1990). Secret Survivors: Uncovering Incest and its After-effects in Women. John Wiley and Sons.

Brison, S.J. (2002). Aftermath: Violence and the Remaking of a Self. Princeton University Press.

Davis, L. (1991). Allies in Healing: When the Person You Love Was Sexually Abused as a Child. HarperPerennial.

Davoine, F. and Gaudilliere, J-M. (2004). History Beyond Trauma. Other Press LLC.

Dolan, Y. (2000). Beyond Survival: Living Well is the Best Revenge. BT Press: London.

Fraser, S. My Father’s House: A Memoir of Incest and of Healing. Virago Press.

Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and Recovery. New York: Basic Books.

Levine, P. (1997). Waking the Tiger: Healing Trauma – The Innate Capacity to Transform Overwhelming Experiences. New York: North Atlantic Books.

Levine, P. (2008). Healing Trauma: A Pioneering Program for Restoring the Wisdom of Your Body. Boulder, CO: Sounds True Inc.

Mackinnon, M. (1991). Each Small Step: Breaking the Chains of Abuse and Addiction. Gynergy Books.

Maltz, W. (1992). The Sexual Healing Journey: A Guide for Survivors of Sexual Abuse. Qill: HarperCollins Publishers.

Perry, B. (2008). The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog and Other Stories from a Child Psychiatrist’s Notebook: What Traumatized Children Can Teach us About Loss, Love and Healing. New York: Basic Books.

Rothschild, B. (2000). The Body Remembers: The psychophysiology of trauma and trauma treatment. London: W. W. Norton & Co.

Rothschild, B. (2010). 8 Keys to Safe Trauma Therapy: Take Charge Strategies to Empower Your Healing. W. W. Norton & Co.

Sebold, A. (2003). Lucky. Picador.

Spring, J. (1987). Cry Hard and Swim: The Story of An Incest Survivor. Virago Press.

Tal, K. (1996). Worlds of Hurt: Reading the Literatures of Trauma. Cambridge University Press.

Venable Raine, N. (2000). After Silence: Rape and My Journey Back. Virago Press Ltd; New edition.

Warner, S. (2000). Understanding Child Sexual Abuse: Making the Tactics Visible. Handsell Publishing.

Background

The Tale of an Ordinary Little Girl

Jacqui Dillon aged fiveOnce upon a time there was a little girl, just an ordinary little girl, who like all children is born with basic human needs – the need to be fed and to be kept warm and safe. Like all children, she needs love and empathy to thrive and to grow and to fulfill her potential, like all children deserve to.

But like each and every one of us born into this magnificent and mysterious universe, the arbitrary nature of who we are born to is a random act and like many children, far too many children in this world, she has the misfortune to be born to parents who are simply unable to provide the most basic necessities. For her parents are themselves hurt and broken children, thwarted and twisted, encased in all powerful adult bodies, masquerading as a mother and a father.

When the little girl first looks up into her mother’s eyes for a reflection of herself, to know that she is real and that she exists and that she is safe in this big, scary, world, she is met with a cold, hostile stare. For when mother looks down at this scrap of humanity, her baby girl, she does not see her beauty or her innocence but only her own helplessness, her own vulnerability, her own unmet needs and all of these things she despises and wants to smash, stamp out, annihilate. The baby wails in terror and reaches out her small hand to this woman, her mother, and the woman laughs and bites the baby’s hand, just as her own mother had done to her.

The mother throws the child across her shoulder and together they descend, deep into the underworld, to a place where unspeakable acts of horror will be committed. The underworld is inhabited with many demons, monsters and witches of the worst kind. The woman presents her possession, the child, to a man who can only be the devil. Together they laugh and they defile the child and rob her of her innocence.

The pain and the shock and the terror are too much for the child to bear for she is being betrayed and exploited by those who are meant to protect her and there is no escape, there is no saviour, there is no light at the end of the tunnel. All the while, the child repeats over and over to herself – I am not here; this is not happening to me; I am not in this body. When all at once the child experiences a tremendous pressure building inside her head as the urgent need to flee collides with the awful realisation of her own helplessness and then BANG! there is a huge explosion as her tiny mind shatters into a thousand, little pieces. She serenely floats off into the ether and calmly looks down from a great height at the stupid girl who is left screaming in the underworld. She pities the pathetic creature but she simply cannot be held responsible for those who refuse to help themselves.

The girl inhabits a dual world. In one, she is a normal child with normal parents, a gifted child who goes to school, plays with her friends, and likes wearing ribbons in her hair. In the other world, she is a dirty little bitch, evil and unlovable, treated with cruelty and contempt by anyone who can get their filthy hands on her.

Everything she gets she deserves. She is repeatedly threatened that if she ever tells anyone about what happens in the underworld, she will be put into prison because she has committed terrible crimes, or everyone will think she is mad and they will lock her in an asylum forever and throw away the key; no one will ever believe her. Or the devil, demons and witches will find her, they will always find her, they will hunt her down and they will kill her, her children, anyone or anything that she ever loves. However much she yearns for it, she has no place of safety, no saviour to rescue her, so she does what many children have to do. She survives the best way she can.

The survival strategies that she unconsciously develops as a child create an illusion of control, an illusion that she has some agency over what happens to her. Despite her abject helplessness, she utilises all the resources available to her at the time – her mind, her body, her spirit – and she fights for her life.

She begins to hear voices; voices that talk to her, talk about her, who comfort her, protect her and make her feel less alone. In time, they control and terrorise her but help her to stay alive. One of the first voices that she hears is that of ‘the great mother’. She is a very powerful maternal figure, who is beautiful and kind, a beneficent figure who is always there comforting and soothing her. The great mother is one of the girl’s greatest inventions for she is a clever little girl, yet she keeps this illusion secret from herself for the longest time. The great mother is central in supporting the girl to survive with her humanity intact and she also enables the girl to become a loving and compassionate mother to her own daughters, when the time comes.

Her body becomes the locus of her horror and her need for there is no other place to express it, there is no-one to tell. She begins cutting herself, banging her head against the wall, tearing at herself, all ways she discovers, of safely releasing her anguish. She draws no attention to herself. She hurts no one else. No one can touch her. Her relationship with food becomes a mysterious journey of adventure on which she discovers many special powers. By controlling what she eats, overeating, forcing herself to vomit and starving herself she is the creator of many marvellous tricks, sleights of hand that make her feel more in control in a world that is filled with terrible, inescapable, arbitrary cruelty. For once, she has control of her body. She can do what she likes to it. She is mistress of her own universe.

Her creativity extends beyond her body into the world. She loves writing stories and poems, drawing and painting, reading as many books as she can get her little hands on. Books allow her access into other worlds, worlds where there are endless possibilities. In the realms of her imagination the characters and stories in books captivate and entrance her, become meaningful to her to the extent that she internalises them inside of her so that she feels less alone and the world still holds some magic and wonder for her. Her sense of justice is always there burning brightly inside of her, the whole time. She dreams of a world where one day she will be safe and free and loved.

She finally escapes the underworld after many torturous years when she reaches womanhood. They may have broken her mind and her body but thankfully, her spirit is still intact. She is inhabited by a multitude of characters each who have their part to play in helping her to survive. She does not realise this yet. For now, she hears their voices and sometimes catches a glimpse of them in the mirror, but she does her best to conceal their existence to herself and everyone else. She is adept at inhabiting different worlds and used to keeping secrets locked inside of her. The voices of the devils, witches and demons along with those of the children still trapped in the underworld, echo in her mind long after the worst has already happened, reminding her of what they will do if she ever speaks about what has happened, so she remains silent.

One day, years later a miracle occurs and it is now the girl who sits and looks down into the eyes of her own, baby daughter. This child has been much longed for and is much wanted and she is awestruck by the beauty and perfection of this tiny being. For the first time in her life, the girl’s body has done something that she can feel proud of. She smiles at the baby and beams love into her eyes and the child knows that she is real and that she is loved and that she is safe in this big, scary world.

Without warning, this idyllic scene is invaded by demons from the past. The girl’s voices multiply and intensify saying things that disturb and frighten her. She begins seeing horrifying images of abuse, torture and death. She can feel it in her body. Marks and bruises appear on her skin like stigmata. She begins to cut herself frequently in an attempt to appease the devil but to no effect. He is never satisfied. She becomes convinced that someone will try and hurt her and her baby because she knows how dangerous the world can be for little children. She becomes intensely fearful; terrified to leave the house in case someone tries to abduct them and take them to the underworld to kill them. She fears that she is going mad like she always knew she would, like they always said she would. She inhabits a dual world. She is a devoted mother, with a close and intimate bond with her baby, breastfeeding her on demand, yet she knows she is contaminating her with all of the poison that swirls around inside of her. She feels deeply ashamed of herself for being such a freak of nature and starts to feel as if there is no escape from the horrors of the past. She sees no way out but to end her life but she cannot bear the thought of leaving behind a motherless child.

In desperation, she seeks asylum in a place that is meant to provide sanctuary for her. She hopes to find safety and support for her and her precious child and believes that asking for help is a responsible and wise act. Perhaps when she tells them about what happened to her in the underworld they might even congratulate her on her efforts thus far. Surely they will see what a tremendous achievement it has been to get this far on her own.

The witches, devils and demons try to silence her with their vicious threats yet she begins to tell the gatekeepers at the asylum, who assure her that they are learned men, healers in fact, about the children who have suffered in the underworld. To her astonishment, they reiterate the words of the devil. There is no underworld. She is crazy. She is ill. She was born with something wrong with her. She feels as if she has been slapped in the face, kicked while she is down, re-abused. This is insult to injury. She is wild with outrage and has to restrain herself so as not to rip them all to shreds. This reality is enough to drive anyone crazy. The place that is meant to provide her with sanctuary is the place that nearly drives her over the edge once and for all.

She has escaped hell once already – she is a warrior after all – and uses whatever means necessary to deceive and trick her way past the gatekeepers. Once she is liberated, she runs as fast as she can and finds her way back to her child. She clutches her baby to her chest and gasps for breath. There is no sanctuary yet she cannot give up hope. She has come this far. She is a woman on a mission. One day, she will show them all.

After much searching, she finally encounters truly wise people, brave souls who have the courage and integrity to witness her truth. As much as it pains them, they listen to her stories from the underworld, and hear of the terrible suffering that many children have endured. Together they walk down a long winding, road, back to the underworld, where a process of truth and reconciliation, of listening, bearing witness and of facing the horrors of the past can take place. The world will never look the same again to them for they have seen the underworld. And even though she is a freak of nature they love her and they hold her and they soothe her and gradually she begins to feel human. She begins to feel real.

She discovers that she isn’t alone in quite the same way that she always had been. She begins to accept support as an act of courage and commitment to life and the future. Only then can she begin to truly mourn for all she has lost. She did not know it was possible to cry so many tears. They continue to hold her.

The most profound realisation dawns on her gradually, becoming apparent incrementally over time and then one day she suddenly knows what she has always known. Her voices are more than just voices. They are many different selves, with different names, ages, experiences, feelings, identities; dissociated selves that became internal representations of her external world. Rather than trying to eradicate these different parts of her even though they sometimes frighten her, she begins to embrace them. Each is part of the whole of her. She begins to listen to them and understand them and to greet them with compassion and understanding. To her delight, they begin to teach her the mysteries of healing, alchemy and magic. Gradually she feels less ashamed of who she is and begins to marvel at how creative she has been in surviving the horrors of the underworld. At times it feels as if she has created a work of art.

On the other hand, she finds it hard to comprehend a world that often makes no sense to her, a corrupt and crazy world which frequently exploits the vulnerable and protects the powerful. With all that she knows and all that she has seen and all that she has learnt, she cannot just standby and let that happen. If she is to be a part of the world then she must do what she can to make it a place she can actually inhabit and remain sane.

She begins to meet with others, warrior children, maddened men and women, fellow travellers who have escaped the underworld or some other kind of hell, as well as rebels and renegades, truth-tellers, pioneers and freedom fighters, all walking along the same path as her, seeking the same kind of justice. They too feel a collective responsibility to expose the truth and not allow further injustices to be perpetrated. They understand that being a bystander and remaining silent is the same as being complicit. They know that freedom is never given freely by those who have power; it has to be fought for. They understand that only the truth will set us free.

After a long, arduous journey that has taken her many, many years to accomplish, the girl finally feels as if she has come home. She is safe now, she is free, she is loved. She wears her battle scars with pride. She may still hear the echoes from the past but she considers herself one of the lucky ones. In many ways she is blessed. Her life and all that she did to get here, is a triumph.

This paper is based on presentations at numerous international conferences/seminars, including Royal College of Psychiatrists (UK) Training Day on Trauma and Violence, London UK, November 2008; Recovery Conference, Aarhus, Denmark, May 2009; World Hearing Voices Congress, Maastricht, Netherlands, September 2009.